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Police state is a term denoting a government that exercises power arbitrarily through the power of the police force. Originally the term designated a state regulated by a civil administration, but since the beginning of the 20th century, the term has "taken on an emotional and derogatory meaning" by describing an undesirable state of living characterized by the overbearing presence of the civil authorities. The inhabitants of a police state may experience restrictions on their mobility, or on their freedom to express or communicate political or other views, which are subject to police monitoring or enforcement. Political control may be exerted by means of a secret police force which operates outside the boundaries normally imposed by a constitutional state.〔''A Dictionary of World History'', Market House Books, Oxford University Press, 2000.〕 Robert von Mohl, who first introduced the rule of law to German jurisprudence, contrasted the ''Rechtsstaat'' ("legal" or "constitutional" state) with the anti-aristocratic ''Polizeistaat'' ("police state").〔''The Police State'', Chapman, B., Government and Opposition, Vol.3:4, 428–440, (2007). Accessible online at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119912141/abstract, retrieved 15 August 2008.〕 ==History of usage== The Oxford English Dictionary traces the phrase "police State" back to 1851, when it was used in reference to the use of a national police force to maintain order, in Austria.〔''Oxford English Dictionary'', Third edition, January 2009; online version November 2010. totalitarian governments that had begun to emerge in Europe.〔(The New Police Science: The Police Power in Domestic and International ) edited by Markus Dubber, Mariana Valverde〕 Genuine police states are fundamentally authoritarian, and are often dictatorships. However, the degree of government repression varies widely among societies. In times of national emergency or war, the balance which may usually exist between freedom and national security often tips in favour of security. This shift may lead to allegations that the nation in question has become, or is becoming, a police state. Because there are different political perspectives as to what an appropriate balance is between individual freedom and national security, there are no definitive objective standards to determine whether the term "police state" applies to a particular nation at any given point in time. Thus, it is difficult to evaluate objectively the truth of allegations that a nation is (or is not) becoming a police state. One way to view the concept of the police state and the free state is through the medium of a balance or scale. Along this spectrum, any law which has the effect of removing liberty is seen as moving towards a police state, while any law that limits government oversight is seen as moving towards a free state.〔''Police State (Key Concepts in Political Science)'', Brian Chapman, Macmillan, 1971.〕 An ''electronic police state'' is one in which the government aggressively uses electronic technologies to record, organize, search, and distribute forensic evidence against its citizens.〔("Police Checkpoints on the Information Highway" ), ''Computer underground Digest'', Volume 6 : Issue 72 (14 August 1994), ISSN 1004-042X, "The so-called 'electronic frontier' is quickly turning into an electronic police state."〕〔(''The Electronic Police State: 2008 National Rankings'' ), by Jonathan Logan, Cryptohippie USA.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Police state」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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